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INTRODUCTION:                A basic result  is that the response of an LTI system is given by convolution of the input and the impulse response of the system. In this chapter and the following one we present an alternative representation for signals and LTI systems. In this chapter, the Laplace transform is introduced to represent continuous-time signals in the s-domain (s is a complex variable), and the concept of the system function for a continuous-time LTI system is described. Many useful insights into the properties of continuous-time LTI systems, as well as the study of many problems involving LTI systems, can be provided by application of the Laplace transform technique. THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM : we know that for a continuous-time LTI system with impulse response h(t), the output y(t) of the system to the complex exponential input of the form e st  is where Definition: The function H(s) in  the above Eq is referred to as the Laplace transform of h(t). For a general con

Introduction:          This section explains the unit step signal and also derives the unit step signal in the following way. The unit step signal: A well known discontinuous function is the unit step function u 0 * (t) which is defined as It is also represented by the waveform of Figure given below In the waveform of Figure above, the unit step function u 0 (t)  changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at t = 0. But if it changes at  t = t 0 instead, it is denoted as u 0 (t-t 0 ) . In this case, its waveform and definition are as shown in Figure given below If the unit step function u 0 (t)  changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at  t = -t 0 , it is denoted as u 0 (t  t 0 ) . In this case, its waveform and definition are as shown in Figure given below.

Introduction: This section will discuss the fourier transform and explains the graphical representation of the fourier transform. The fourier transform: Let X( t ) be a nonperiodic signal of finite duration, that is, Such a signal is shown in Fig. (a). Let x T 0 (t) be a periodic signal formed by repeating x(t) with fundamental period T 0  as shown fig (b ). If we let T o  -  , we have The complex exponential Fourier series of x T 0 (t)  is given by The above equ can be written as Let us define X(w) as the complex Fourier coefficients c k , can be expressed as Cosine and sine  Function Introduction: This section describes the cosine and sine function Pair mathematically and also explains this in detail.   The cosine function pair: Proof:   The f(t) - F(w) correspondence is also shown in fig given below We know that Cos w 0 t is real and even function of time, and we found out that its Fourier transform is a real and even function of frequency. The Sine Function Pair: Pro

INTRODUCTION: Sensors:  Sensors can be classified as passive or active.  Sensors, which sense natural radiations, either emitted or reflected from the Earth, are called passive sensors.  It is also possible to produce electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths and illuminate a terrain on the Earth’s surface. The interaction of this radiation with the target could then be studied by sensing the scattered radiation from the targets.  Such sensors, which produce their own electromagnetic radiation, are called active sensors. A photographic camera, which uses only sunlight, is a passive sensor; whereas the one, which uses a flashbulb, is an active sensor.  Again, sensors (active or passive) could be either imaging, like the camera, or non-imaging, like the non scanning radiometer.   Sensors are also classified on the basis of range of electromagnetic region in which they operate such as optical or microwave. The major sensor parameters which have bearing o

INTRODUCTION:            The term "Web mapping" constitutes both the technology and art of sharing maps on the Internet. The simplest Internet-based maps are static, such as images (i.e., jpegs or tiffs) that do not allow users to change the components, extent, or appearance of the map. These maps are the easiest and simplest to share because all that is required is placing the image on a Web server and telling others where to find it. At the opposite end of the spectrum are customizable, interactive Web-based maps. These maps are usually created with the use of modern hardware, complex software. In addition, these initiatives require human expertise for successful implementation. The advantage of developing and implementing interactive maps is that they give the user the ability to customize the map to meet this own specific needs. Possible user interactions include adjusting the extent of the map by zooming in or out, turning on and off features displayed within the map,

INTRODUCTION :          According to the Italian rule of the road, boards who own roads are bound to set up and to keep up to-date the cartography and the cadaster of roads and related fixtures. According to Ministerial Decree 1/6/2001, which enforces it formally, the road cadaster is a data system, representing the inventory of every road having public assignment, whose primary goal is to fix the size of the national roads network. The enforcing rule sets the survey and representation standards according to the pattern provided by the GDF (Geographic Data Files) v. 3.0 standard (CEN 1995), as emitted by Technical Committee 278 of the European Normalization Committee. MMS vehicle GIGIOne, owned by the Excellence Centre for Tele geometrics Research of Trieste University, is able to provide surveys of geometrical and descriptive characteristics in order to set up the data base of the road cadaster as requested by the Ministerial Decree. This paper describes a sample  processing and repr